Wasserstein Gradient Flows for Batch Bayesian Optimal Experimental Design

Bayesian optimal experimental design (BOED) provides a powerful, decision-theoretic framework for selecting experiments so as to maximise the expected utility of the data to be collected. In practice, however, its applicability can be limited by the difficulty of optimising the chosen utility. The expected information gain (EIG), for example, is often high-dimensional and strongly non-convex. This challenge is particularly acute in the batch setting, where multiple experiments are to be designed simultaneously. In this paper, we introduce a new approach to batch EIG-based BOED via a probabilistic lifting of the original optimisation problem to the space of probability measures. In particular, we propose to optimise an entropic regularisation of the expected utility over the space of design measures. Under mild conditions, we show that this objective admits a unique minimiser, which can be explicitly characterised in the form of a Gibbs distribution. The resulting design law can be used directly as a randomised batch-design policy, or as a computational relaxation from which a deterministic batch is extracted. To obtain scalable approximations when the batch size is large, we then consider two tractable restrictions of the full batch distribution: a mean-field family, and an i.i.d. product family. For the i.i.d. objective, and formally for its mean-field extension, we derive the corresponding Wasserstein gradient flow, characterise its long-time behaviour, and obtain particle-based algorithms via space-time discretisations. We also introduce doubly stochastic variants that combine interacting particle updates with Monte Carlo estimators of the EIG gradient. Finally, we illustrate the performance of the proposed methods in several numerical experiments, demonstrating their ability to explore multimodal optimisation landscapes and obtain high-utility batches in challenging examples.